Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Volcanoes Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Look Into Volcanoes I. Presentation Volcano: characterized is a mountain or slope shaped by the amassing of materials emitted through at least one openings (called volcanic vents) in the world's surface. The term well of lava can likewise allude to the vents themselves. Most volcanoes have steep sides, yet some can be tenderly inclining mountains or even level tablelands, levels, or fields. The volcanoes above ocean level are the most popular, however by far most of the world's volcanoes lie underneath the ocean, shaped along the worldwide maritime edge frameworks that confound the profound sea depths. As per the Smithsonian Institution, 1511 above-ocean volcanoes have been dynamic during the previous 10,000 years, 539 of them emitting at least multiple times during recorded history. By and large, 50 to 60 above-ocean volcanoes overall are dynamic at whatever year; about portion of these are continuations of ejections from earlier years, and the rest are new. Mount St. Helen Volcanic emissions in popula ted districts are a huge danger to individuals, property, and farming. The risk is for the most part from quick moving, hot progressions of violently emitted materials, falling debris, and profoundly ruinous magma streams and volcanic garbage streams. Furthermore, unstable emissions, even from volcanoes in uninhabited areas, can discharge debris high into the environment, making floating volcanic debris mists that represent a genuine peril to planes. II. Well of lava Formation All volcanoes are shaped by the collection of magma which is liquid stone that structures underneath the world's surface. Magma can eject through at least one volcanic vents, which can be a solitary opening, a bunch of openings, or a long split, called a crevice vent. It shapes profound inside the earth, by and large inside the upper piece of the mantle which is one of the layers of the world's outside layer, or less generally, inside the base of the world's covering. High temperatures and weights are expected to shape magma. The strong mantle or crustal stone must be softened under conditions ordinarily came to at profundities of 50 to 60 mi. (80 to 100 km) underneath the world's surface. When minuscule beads of magma are shaped, they start to rise in light of the fact that the magma is less thick than the strong stone encompassing it. The procedures that cause the magma to rise are ineffectively seen, yet it by and large pushes upward toward lower pressure districts, crushing into spaces between minerals inside the soli... ...the main masses of dissolve. As dissolving proceeds with different minerals begin to soften too, and the science of the magma changes. From examines like this geologists have verified that the beginning times of a Hawaiian fountain of liquid magma's life is produced by magmas got from just little degrees of incomplete softening, (for example, just 5% of the source dissolving and the rest remaining behind). Then again, when the well of lava truly gets moving, (for example, at Kilauea and Mauna Loa), the level of source rock that melts to deliver the magma is maybe as high as 20%. There are numerous different manners by which science is utilized in volcanology, including the investigations of volcanic gases, cavity lakes, and attempting to decide the temperatures that magma had at the time they were ejected even long after the emission has finished. Book reference Book reference 1999 Microsoft Encarta; Volcanoes 1980 USGS; www.vulcan.wr.usgs.gov 2000 Volcano World; http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/visit questions/grp13/question1544.html 1980-2000 USGS; www.vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/photograph/volcanoes/MSH/framework.html 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation; different spring of gushing lava media 2000 FEMA; www.fema.gov/library/volcanof.htm Word Count: 2186

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Causes of World War vocab

The Tsarina, Alexandra, thought he was a supernatural occurrence and invited him to the imperial family. That is the point at which he began Glenn awful guidance to Tsar Nicolas. 3. Militarism is the conviction that a nation ought to have a solid military and to be set up to utilize it at whatever point the nation needs assurance. Militarism is huge on the grounds that this is a piece of the fundamental driver of WWW. All the forces needed to have a decent military to be set up for war. In view of being readied constantly, WWW rushed to occur; as a result of only one occasion. 4. NationalismNationalism is the conviction that your own region is the best and merits all the force. Patriotism is critical in light of the fact that it's a piece of the base reasons why WWW occurred. At the point when Germany turned into a country in 1871, it upset the level of influence in Europe. The other European nations felt that Germany would be a danger to their capacity. So all the forces thought the y were the best and that caused clashes, which caused WWW. 5. Government Triple Entente Imperialism is an arrangement where a solid country hopes to command different nations strategically, monetarily or socially.This is a union comprising of Britain, France and Russia in 1907. This is critical in light of the fact that it was perhaps the soonest reason for WWW. The scramble for Africa to government it caused numerous contentions and pressures inside the forces. The European forces were contending a great deal between one another for African region. Those competitions assumed a major job later in the causing of WWW. This partnership was significant on the grounds that these were probably the greatest force. Each of the 3 shared something for all intents and purpose: they didn't care for Germany and Austria. That carried them to make a collusion ND had a shared objective of disposing of Germany and Australia's power.Soon that turned out to be increasingly unmistakable and was headed to having WWW. 7. Triple Alliance This is a coalition comprising of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1907. This partnership if huge in light of the fact that Germany and Austria were exceptionally close and had regular thoughts. Russia used to be with them (Emperors League) yet since they got out due to the Congress of Berlin, Italy had its spot. Their goals were that they needed to help past coalitions and give a guard framework against the other European forces. On account of these contentions, it before long caused WWW. Limitless ticket to ride The dark check is a watch that Germany provides for Austria; consoling them that Germany will completely bolster Austria, regardless. The Blank Check is huge on the grounds that Germany, fundamentally, aimlessly gives their help to Austria-without thinking about what's occur later on. Since William II says that, it gives Austria a much greater inner self. Later Austria and Serbia have clashes and are exceptionally near war; now German y can't pull out now since they previously gave their statement to Austria. 9. Archduke Francis Ferdinand He is the hair to Austrian throne.He was soon to turn into the lord of Austria until him and his significant other, Sophia, got killed by Gabriele Prince; who was with the Black Hand gathering. Archduke Francis Ferdinand is noteworthy on the grounds that this is the occasion that truly begun WWW. Due to his death, by Gabriele Prince, Austria is incensed and naturally believes that it was Serbians doing; even without appropriate proof. It turns out that Gabriele Prince was with a gathering from Serbia, so's when WWW started. 10. The Balkan states comprised of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece; it made â€Å"The Balkan League†.The Balkan states were under Ottoman control. The contentions between these states caused Balkan wars. The Balkan Crises is exceptionally huge in light of the fact that the Balkan states needed freedom from the Ottomans. So in 1878, Bulgaria wa s made in the Treaty of San Stefan, it was seen as a Russian satellite. At that point it got decreased and came back to Ottomans in the Congress of Berlin. In 1912, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece vanquished Ottoman areas (Albania and Macedonia) however couldn't conclude how to part it, bringing about the second Balkan war (1913). At that point Greece, Serbia Romania and Ottomans crushed Bulgaria.Because of that, Bulgaria got a tad bit of Macedonia-the rest was isolated by Serbia and Greece. All things considered, Serbia was unsatisfied of the measure of land. The two Balkan wars made progressively pressures among the extraordinary forces. 11. Dark Hand/Gabriele Prince This gathering was a Serbian psychological militant gathering that needed to make a skillet Slavic country. It was comprised of military and some administration authorities. Gabriele Prince was a piece of this gathering. The Black Hand is critical on the grounds that Gabriele Prince was a piece of it. He was a serious deal since Prince was liable for the death of Archduke FrancisFerdinand. Since he was beneficiary to the seat, it caused a lot of wrath in Austria. This was the significant occasion that caused WWW. 12. Austrian Ultimatum On July 23, 1914 Austria gave Serbia a lot of extraordinary requests in the event that they would prefer not to do battle with Austria. This final proposal is significant on the grounds that when Austria gave Serbia the final offer, Serbia didn't concur. Serbia didn't concur on the grounds that the requests were exceptionally extraordinary and unreasonable for a nation to concur with. That brought about Austria proclaiming war on Serbia on July 28. At that point that began including different nations which transformed into WWW.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Salem

Salem Salem. 1 City (1990 pop. 38,091), seat of Essex co., NE Mass., on an inlet of Massachusetts Bay; inc. 1629. Its once famous harbor has silted up. Salem has electronic, leather, and machinery industries, and tourists are drawn to its many historical landmarks. Many colonial buildings remain. Nathaniel Hawthorne 's birthplace dates from the 17th cent., and the House of Seven Gables (1668) is preserved. Also of interest are Pioneer Village, a reproduction of early Salem; the Witch House (1642), where witch trial hearings were held; the Peabody Essex Museum, whose origins date to 1799, with outstanding art, historic buildings, and the Phillips Library's historical collections; and Salem Maritime National Historic Site. Salem State Univ. is there. In 1626, Roger Conant led a group from Cape Ann to this site, called Naumkeag by the Native Americans. Salem's early history was darkened by the witchcraft trials of 1692, in which Samuel Sewall was a judge; many of the victims came f rom the part of Salem that now is Danvers . Massachusetts exonerated all those accused in the trials in 1711. From colonial days through the clipper ship era, Salem was world famous as a port and a wealthy center for the China trade. It was a privateering base in the American Revolution and in the War of 1812. Shipping declined after the War of 1812, and the city turned to manufacturing. Hawthorne was overseer of the port from 1846 to 1849. See history by J. D. Phillips (1937, repr. 1969); E. E. Elliot, The Devil the Mathers (1989); L. W. Carlson, A Fever in Salem (1999); M. B. Norton, In the Devil's Snare (2002). 2 Town (1990 pop. 25,746), Rockingham co., SE N.H.; settled 1652, inc. 1750. It is a marketing and distribution center, with computer, electronics, polyethylene, software, machinery, and printing and publishing industries. Nearby are a racetrack and Canobie Lake Amusement Park. Of interest is Mystery Hill, site of large stone structures believed to date fro m 2000 BC 3 City (1990 pop. 12,233), Columbiana co., NE Ohio, in a coal region; inc. 1806. Tools and dies, industrial machinery, appliances, and pumps are among its diverse manufactures. Settled (1803) by Quakers, Salem was an early abolitionist center and an important station on the Underground Railroad . A branch of Kent State Univ. is there. 4 City (1990 pop. 107,786), state capital and seat of Marion co., NW Oreg., on the Willamette River; inc. 1857. In an agricultural area with dairying, stock-raising, and the cultivation of fruits, nuts, and grain, Salem has food processing plants and wineries. There is printing and publishing, and manufactures include draperies, wood and paper products, paints, concrete, sheet metal, traffic-control and navigational equipment, silicon wafers, and boats. Founded 1840â€"41 by Methodist missionaries, it became capital of Oregon Territory in 1851 and remained the capital when Oregon became a state in 1859. Salem is the seat of Willamette Univ., various state and federal government buildings, state hospitals, and the state penitentiary; a museum of mental health is there. Of note is the neoclassical state capitol building (1937). The annual state fair is held in Salem. 5 City (1990 pop. 23,756), seat of Roanoke co., SW Va., on the Roanoke River, between the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny Mts.; first inc. 1806, inc. as a city 1967. A variety of products, including machinery, earth moving equipment, automated teller machines, steel, apparel, tools and dies, furniture, tires, prefabricated home kits, and fire sprinklers, are manufactured there. Roanoke College is in the city. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Halloween Quotes for Kids

Halloween has special significance for children. Kids look forward to October 31 when they can play out their imagination and spook their friends. Retailers have realized the importance of this holiday and stock up a variety of wild costumes for kids. You can get any costume—from a pirate to Pinocchio. On Halloween night, kids dress up in zany costumes, pretending to be scary monsters and weird creatures. They travel door to door, usually accompanied by an adult and yell, trick or treat! If the friendly neighbor chooses to be tricked, the kids play a naughty prank on the neighbor. Most people enjoy treating kids with candy. Kids also love to share ghost stories, and spooky tales of dead people to add to the thrill. If your children enjoy Halloween, join them in their naughty adventures. Share these wonderful Halloween quotes for kids to make the night a truly memorable one. Organize a Halloween costume party and encourage kids to dress up in wicked and wacky costumes. Titus Lucretius Carus For as children tremble and fear everything in the blind darkness, so we in the light sometimes fear what is no more to be feared than the things children in the dark hold in terror and imagine will come true. Robert Brault I dont know that there are real ghosts and goblins, but there are always more trick-or-treaters than neighborhood kids. David Arquette The first horror film I remember seeing in the theatre was Halloween and from the first scene when the kid puts on the mask and it is his POV, I was hooked. R. L. Stine When I was a kid my family was really poor and I remember one Halloween I wanted to dress up really scary and my parents came home with a duck costume. I wore that costume for years! I hated it. Gavin DeGraw When I was a kid I got busted for throwing a rock through a car window and egging a house on Halloween. Larry, Curb Your Enthusiasm [When trick or treating kids ask for some candy] Yeah, its Halloween but that doesnt mean you can go around to peoples houses and bilk candy from them. Emily Dickinson One need not be a chamber to be haunted;One need not be a house;The brain has corridors surpassingMaterial place. Dexter Kozen Shadows of a thousand years rise again unseen,Voices whisper in the trees, Tonight is Halloween! Henry C. Link Fear is natures warning signal to get busy. Virna Sheard Hark! Hark to the wind! Tis the night, they say,When all souls come back from the far away-The dead, forgotten this many a day! Scottish Saying From ghoulies and ghosties and long leggety beasties and things that go bump in the night, Good Lord, deliver us! Theodosia Garrison At first cock-crow, the ghosts must goBack to their quiet graves below. William Motherwell Men say that in this midnight hour,The disembodià ¨d have powerTo wander as it liketh them,By wizard oak and fairy stream. John Kendrick Bangs Bring forth the raisins and the nuts-Tonight All-Hallows Spectre strutsAlong the moonlit way. Henry David Thoreau I would rather sit on a pumpkin and have it all to myself than be crowded on a velvet cushion. Dennis Yost and the Classics IV Just like a ghost, youve been a-hauntin my dreams, So Ill propose on Halloween. Love is kinda crazy with a spooky little girl like you. Shakespeare O horror! Horror! Horror! Tongue nor heart Cannot conceive nor name thee! Steve Almond Nothing on Earth so beautiful as the final haul on Halloween night. William Shakespeare Tis now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn and hell itself breathes out, Contagion to this world. J. M. Barrie A house is never still in darkness to those who listen intently; there is a whispering in distant chambers, an unearthly hand presses the snib of the window, the latch rises. Ghosts were created when the first man awoke in the night. Janet Little, On Halloween At Halloween, when fairy spritesPerform their mystic gambols,When ilka witch her neebour greets,On their nocturnal rambles;When elves at midnight-hour are seen,Near hollow caverns sportin,Then lads an lasses aft convene,In hopes to ken their fortune,By freets that night. Nina Willis Walter The witches flyAcross the sky,The owls go, Who? Who? Who?The black cats yowlAnd green ghosts howl,Scary Halloween to you! Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Haunted Houses The spirit-world around this world of senseFloats like an atmosphere, and everywhereWafts through these earthly mists and vapours denseA vital breath of more ethereal air.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Personal Statement My Nursing Goals - 1174 Words

My Nursing Goals Introduction In the near future, I will graduate with my Bachelors of Science in Nursing degree from East Carolina University. Guiding my ultimate nursing goals is my love for children. As a mother already, I have learned and immensely enjoyed my journey with my six-year-old child thus far. However, I would love to expand my knowledge on the unique needs of the pediatric patient population. The pediatric patient population is very diverse, due to the various stages of life within this populace. In the near future, I hope to expand my understanding and experience with pediatric patients through becoming a registered nurse on a pediatric nursing unit within a hospital. However within ten years, my goal is to become a school nurse. This being said, there is an extensive field of knowledge and training I will need to gain in order to achieve my ultimate nursing goal of serving all children in their medical and developmental needs. Immediate Nursing Goals Upon Graduation After graduation, my immediate nursing goal and plan is to find employment as a registered nurse on a pediatrics unit at a local hospital. Although I am striving for a position in the pediatric intensive care unit, I will be grateful for any job on any pediatric nursing unit. In this position, I will gain a more concrete foundation on the multifaceted needs of both the pediatric patient and their families. In order to progress to my future nursing goals, I will need this experienceShow MoreRelatedStatement Of Philosophy. Record Your Statements Of Philosophy1057 Words   |  5 Pages Statement of Philosophy Record your statements of philosophy of Nursing and of personal philosophy. Explain how these are reflected the values, vision, and personal interests that you recorded in your â€Å"My Vision and Interests† tool. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Ielts Essay Samples of Band 5

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Ielts Essay Samples of Band 5 A number of authentic reading texts cover the scope of text types found in the true exam. Another great supply of reference is the band 8 onwards essays that you're able to find easily on the web. The topics are somewhat more specific and the academic level is greater. Improving your grammatical accuracy is most likely likely to be a slow and gradual practice. What's Truly Going on with Ielts Essay Samples of Band 5 After the structure is correct, using the language is slightly more advanced, and the thought procedure is thorough, obtaining a Band 8 or higher for an essay should not be an issue. There's a lesson here that explains the significance of identifying the task to be sure you fully answer all regions of the question. To take a very simple example, if you're writing about the pros and cons of something, you might wish to have one paragraph about each. For numerous reasons, some folks believe that music is crucial, and the next essay will explain them in details. Whether you've got to create a paper of one-of-a-kind flawlessness, just purchase an essay here and our writers will provide help. Even if today you think you're a lousy writer, you can learn how to deal with your essay and make it far more efficient. Meditate on it using a commentary. The academic writing isn't like your usual essay writing where you are able to think while writing. You are going to be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and the moment you opt to purchase essay and pick an allocated writer, things will get even more exciting. This lessons supplies you with grammar ideas to answer these questions. If you've got a writing teacher obviously this will help since they can examine your work. Facts, Fiction and Ielts Essay Samples of Band 5 You should understand the 4 marking criteria employed by the examiner to fulfil the prerequisites of the score you desire. Due to your essay approaches which helped me to get the wanted score. If you're a professional hoping to acquire the proper IELTS score to land that dream job, you're in the most suitable spot. When you're graded, you will be provided a score for every one of these, and this will then be averaged. You need to show you can use a wide selection of s entence structures and have a high amount of accuracy. Hopefully it's also going to contain some fantastic ideas (i.e. vocabulary). Using tons of new words you don't understand how to use properly could make your writing worse, so be mindful! Only use words you learn how to use properly. The Pain of Ielts Essay Samples of Band 5 There's no longer enough organic resources to sustain current levels of financial growth. It is better to safeguard the environment but it needs to be done after providing the necessities to the people. Around the planet, children often utilize computers from an extremely young age. For instance, some children utilize the web to find information on distinct subjects. To conclude, reading is indeed a superb habit for IELTS candidates. Both versions are written by a seasoned IELTS trainer. To summarize, too little exercise and having an unhealthy diet are the principal reasons for folks to put on weight. Thosein favour of prohibiting people from getting involved in dangerous sports have a tendency to center on the risk element. Therefore, concerns over the security of extreme athletes are very irrelevant. In addition to that, individuals should quit taking the ready meals containing chemical ingredients, particularly, saccharin. The Upside to Ielts Essay Samples of Band 5 Furthermore, there are a couple more scenarios in which music is imperative. Beside pop music, the youthful generation nowadays expose to a variety of different sorts of music. Since my parents are music-lovers and in addition, they have very fantastic tastes, I was exposed to the previous kinds of music at a rather young age. The Hidden Gem of Ielts Essay Samples of Band 5 To conclude, it is obvious that computers are now part of our routine life. From a personal perspective, computers can help young individuals to learn more regarding the world.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Improving Data Transparency in Clinical Trials

Question: Discuss about the Improving Data Transparency in Clinical Trials. Answer: Introduction: The block chains are the distributed databases maintaining continuous growth of records ordered in lists called blocks. It is the public ledger of every Bitcoin transactions which have been executed. The completed blocks are incorporated to it leading to constant increase in size of the block chains. These blocks have been imposed over the blockchain in chronological order and linear manner. The research would be conducted around Bitcoins. The bitcoins has been developed as rewards in competitions where users offer power of computing to authenticate and record transfer of data into block-chains. The study would not reveal any other cases supported by the block-chains like smart contracts and the licensing. The study would describe the research. Then the evaluation of the contribution of block-chains with bitcoins has been discussed. A model to stimulate has been developed with its limitations and justifications. Lastly conclusion has been drawn on the key findings fitting to the research. At first the topic blockchain technology in Bitcoin is defined. Then the area of blockchain technology in Bitcoin is unfolded. The areas that are not to be included in this research are mentioned. Lastly the general findings from blockchain technology in Bitcoin are revealed. In the next section, the fiend of the review has been described. After describing the research, evaluation is done on the contribution of the research that has been done to the area. Next the limitations of blockchain technology in Bitcoin are shown. Lastly the section ends by mentioning the values of the limitations in the project. Then the best solution for the present situation is given. It important features are discussed. Its quality and contribution to the given research field is analyzed. A model is drawn stimulating it. Lastly conclusion is drawn upon the key findings from the review of blockchain technology in Bitcoin. Research description: Boyd Carr, (2016) researched that Blockchain is the decentralized method for data transaction in data management. It was first designed for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The interest in this field originated since the idea has been coined in the year of 2008. The reason behind this was its core attributes providing data integrity, anonymity and security. This has been done in the absence of a third party organization that could manage its transactions. Thus it created attractive areas of research. This has been especially from the view point of limitations and technical challenges. A systematic mapping of the study with the aim of gathering every relevant research on the technology of lock-chain is set. The main aim has been the understanding of the present challenges, future directions and topics of the research. Various online journals are studies. That show focus on the Bitcoin systems. Most of the studies has been dealing with reveal and improve of the Blockchains from the security and privacy view-points. Several of the proposed solutions have been lacking concrete discussion on the effectiveness. Many scalability of Block-chain involving the latency and throughput has been kept unstudied. Evaluation of the contribution of the research:The contribution of the research has been interesting to watch where it has been heading. Bitcoin has got many attentions in cryptocurrency. According to Gbel et al. (2016) more people has been buying and trading Bitcoins per day. Hence it has been crucial as a research topic. The research would attract the academia and industries to carry on further researches from both the technical and business perspectives. The Bitcoin has been the only solution to utilize the Blockchain technology. There has been various other cryptocurrencies currently who have been giving competition to Bitcoin. The future researches from this study might also involve other cryptocurrencies. The review would not only help in focusing on Bitcoin and the other cryptocurrencies but also highlight applications possible utilizing the solution of blockchain. Utilizing of decentralized scenario like the share of virtual properties could be a contribution of the research. This would revolutionize the approach in which the organizations would sell the products. Gipp, KostiBreitinger (2016) states that as the solutions of blockchain are used for more users, it would appreciate the reviews like this done on the technical challenges and limitations. The increase in sizes and bases of users has triggered to conduct this type of researches relating to the scalability. Moreover, the research will leave its impact on the privacy and security concerns. This would give birth to inventions of new areas to prevent the disturbance on blockchains. Limitations of the research:The systematic mapping of the research would enable the understanding of the present gaps in the research. Crosby et al., (2016) state thatone of the fundamental limitations on the study is relating to the publication bias. It refers that the problem that the positive outcomes are to be published more than that of the negative ones. This is because that the negative take much time to get published. Moreover, they have been less cited in the publications. Other limitation has been the selection bias. It refers to the distortion of the statistical analysis. This has been owing to the used criteria for selecting the publications. Lastly the there has been limitation regarding inaccuracy the extraction of data and the misclassification. This indicates the possibility of extraction of data differently by various reviewers. Importance of the research gaps in the project:As researched by Zheng et al., (2016) this identification of systematic mapping of the research would help the practitioners and the researchers to concentrate on research areas that need more researches. The seeking of the gaps of research would reply the unanswered queries in the present technology of blockchain. The addressing of the publication issue has brought the usage of various scientific databases. This is done within the search protocols to seek maximum number of papers. This has raised the quantity of papers found for this study along with raising the possibility to seek the papers with negative outcomes. Nonetheless, the Blockchain innovation has been considered as another subject in the software engineering industry. It has been further distributed as white papers inside the companies. Thus, all exploration led on the specialized perspectives on Blockchain could not been incorporated in this mapping study. In any case, by u sing just logical databases as hotspots for finding significant research, papers are gathered of higher quality. The issue of selection bias has been addressed by the developing o careful search protocols. Pilot searches could be done on various keywords ensuring what has been concluded from the study. Rigorous criteria for inclusion and the exclusion could be defined form this. This would ensure that every paper elected has been the section of the research topic (Bracamonte, Yamasaki Okada, 2016). Most of the researches relating to the block-chain have been relevant to the regulation, legal and economic factors of Bitcoin with the possibility of its cryptocurrency. The current selected solution at best: The solution is the data extraction and mapping process. Matzuttet al., (2016) claimed is designed to gather data required to address the queries of research in this review. The data items collected are the basic information regarding the study. It includes the objectives and major findings from the study. It helps to organize and assess the data. The selection and search outcomes are found from the process. There has been the Prisma-Flow model provided with the process. Many journals have been retrieved initially as the search protocol designed has been registered to the scientific databases selected. The initial round on the inclusion and the exclusion has been lying on the basis of the titles of the papers retrieved. Various papers excluded have been discussed from the business view-point of Bitcoin. They have not been included in the study. Retrieval of numerous papers relevant to other scientific fields where the Blockchain has another definition than technology in computer scie nce is done. The most important features have been the identification of security, wasted resources, usability and privacy. These have been good due to the identification of exchanging property of Bitcoin. This has caused economic harm for the clients. This fit into the research was said by Karame (2016). This is because there is a scope of introducing the audit software to increase the usability in the Bitcoin exchanges. The aim of this software has been to deduce the solvency of exchange participants. This could be done without the publication of crucial data. There has been connection between the buyer and the seller with limited layer for anonymity. This prevents the buyers to find and validate data in Bitcoin. Different models could be presented through which the rating or reputation could be imposed conjoining the transactions of Bitcon. This considers every pros and cons. These aspects could be improved. This could be done on the network of Bitcoin. Thus the usability is improved delivering extra data for users who have been making transactions. Limitations:Colombo (2016) argues that the technology of block-chain has certain challenges that are identified through the review. Several technical limitations identified in adapting the technology of block-chain in future are throughput, latency, bandwidth and size, security, wasted resources, usability and versioning with hard forks and multiple chains. They have been the limitations for certain reasons. The potential issues throughput in the network of Bitcoin presently gets maximized to transactions per second. In order to develop enough protection for the transaction block of Bitcoin, it takes 10 minutes to finish a transaction roughly. In order to gain security efficiency, more time has to be spent in the blocks. This is because it has been outweighing the expense of couple of attacks. Currently the block-chains size in the network of Bitcoin has been over five hundred thousand megabytes. The community of Bitcoin assumes that the quantity of each block has been one mega bytes. The block has been created for every ten minutes. Dwyer (2016) discusses that this causes limitations in the quantity of transactions to be handled. In the security section the present block-chain at Bitcoin can have 51% attack. The mining at Bitcoin has been wasting large quantity of energy about fifteen million dollars per day. This has been the reason of effort of proof-of-work. The API of Bitcoin to develop services has been hard to use. There has been the requirement to design an API for blockchain that is more developer-friendly. This resembles the REST APIs many times. Small chains that comprises of lower quantity of nodes possess high chances of fifty-one percent attack. Another problem arises as the chains have been split for versioning and administrative purposes (Krug Peterson, 2015). These limitations fit to the review as the blockchain posses the ability to alter the method of transactions. Moreover, the block-chains applications have not been limited to the crypto currencies. The data integrity attributes of security and the anonymity has been suffering from various restrictions and obstacles. They are assesses and resolved in this research. Scalability has been another problem which has been also mentioned in this study. This research would help in identifying the present status done by blockchain. Conclusion: The research has continued to seek several problems and solutions to overcome the limitations of the technology of Block-chain. Most of the study has concentrated on addressing the challenges. Every block comprises of a timestamp. It comprises of links to previous blocks. As recorded once, the block-chains have been resistant inherently to any kind of modification of data. Maximum researches on block-chain of present day have been concerned about the security and privacy issues. It has conducted scalability problems on the Blockchain. The review has evaluated the ability of the solutions suggested in an aim of the evaluation criteria. The limitations are searched and the way it has been valuable to the project is found out. A suitable model is drawn justifying the best solution selected. Though various solutions to the limitations and solutions are presented but few of them has been just small proposals and lack strong assessment on the effectiveness. References: Boyd, C., Carr, C. (2016, July). Fair Client Puzzles from the Bitcoin Blockchain. InAustralasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy(pp. 161-177). Springer International Publishing. Bracamonte, V., Yamasaki, S., Okada, H. (2016). A Discussion of Issues related to Electronic Voting Systems based on Blockchain Technology. Colombo, R. J. (2016). Bitcoin: Hype or Harbinger.J. Int'l Bus. L.,16, 1. Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin.Applied Innovation,2, 6-10. Dwyer, G. P. (2016). Blockchain: A Primer. English, S. M., Nezhadian, E. (2017). Conditions of Full Disclosure: The Blockchain Remuneration Model.arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.04196. Ferrin, D. (2015). A Preliminary Field Guide for Bitcoin Transaction Patterns. InProc. Texas Bitcoin Conf. Gipp, B., Kosti, J., Breitinger, C. (2016). Securing Video Integrity Using Decentralized Trusted Timestamping on the Bitcoin Blockchain. Gbel, J., Keeler, H. P., Krzesinski, A. E., Taylor, P. G. (2016). Bitcoin blockchain dynamics: The selfish-mine strategy in the presence of propagation delay.Performance Evaluation,104, 23-41. Hari, A., Lakshman, T. V. (2016, November). The Internet Blockchain: A Distributed, Tamper-Resistant Transaction Framework for the Internet. InProceedings of the 15th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks(pp. 204-210). ACM. Karame, G. (2016, October). On the Security and Scalability of Bitcoin's Blockchain. InProceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 1861-1862). ACM. Krug, J., Peterson, J. (2015). Sidecoin: a snapshot mechanism for bootstrapping a blockchain.arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.01039. Matzutt, R., Hohlfeld, O., Henze, M., Rawiel, R., Ziegeldorf, J. H., Wehrle, K. (2016, October). POSTER: I Don't Want That Content! On the Risks of Exploiting Bitcoin's Blockchain as a Content Store. InProceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 1769-1771). ACM. Miscione, G., Kavanagh, D. (2015). Bitcoin and the Blockchain: A Coup D'tat through Digital Heterotopia?. Nugent, T., Upton, D., Cimpoesu, M. (2016). Improving data transparency in clinical trials using blockchain smart contracts [version 1; referees: awaiting peer review]. Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H. N., Wang, H. (2016). Blockchain Challenges and Opportunities: A Survey.

Friday, April 3, 2020

Theories on Causes of Financial Crisis

Table of Contents Introduction Causes Effects Recommendations Conclusion Introduction Financial crisis is a term used to refer to a situation in which the value for money goes up hence attracting high demand. This in return increases its supply. It entails unstable financial markets in which the currency flow is limited and hence affects households and businesses. In other words, the demand and supply of goods and services is disrupted. Many economists have developed theories on causes of financial crisis and how it can be avoided.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories on Causes of Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Causes Mortgage lending is one factor associated with financial crisis. This is because earlier on the institutions dealing with the mortgages did so at low interest rates for high priced houses. In addition, the conditions involved were favorable to many people. This led to many people taking this mortgage loans yet they could not afford. A financial system shock disrupted the situation and the prices of the houses fell and many people could not pay their loans. The institutions therefore experienced liquidity issues. This caused such business to be risky and not many people could invest in them. There are those factors that are not related to subprime mortgage market but have contributed immensely on the financial crisis. They include small banks, agents providing loan security, investment procedures by the government and other financial institutions lending and proving securities for the same. Effects Financial crisis has led to collapse of many businesses, high rate of unemployment hence poverty as well as reduction in government revenues. Moreover, slow economic growth characterized by decreasing stock market and weak currency. Most of the economies have continued to decline and financial institutions have continued to suffer. For this reason, there is limitation on the circulation of currency. Moreover, the interest rate on the loans from the banks has increased. It has also resulted to many economies especially those that are developing to seek help from financial institutions such as World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). In addition, their policies and conditions put in place by these institutions are harsh and thus continue to weaken these economies. Financial crisis has an impact on the business in that it hinders export of goods and services hence increasing the demand for them. The high demand and low supply on the other hand affects trade because it decreases purchasing power for many people.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recommendations Financial crisis can be averted using various tools. For example the governments should control such a situation by decreasing interest rates. This can be achieved b y directing the currency back into the banking system. This would ensure that market liquidity is supported and at the same time encourage currency flow. Mitigation measures should also include reviewing policies in order to reduce the negative impacts on the economies. Favorable policies should be implemented so as to correct the situation. For example trade policies ought to change and regulations be revisited. The policy and the regulations should be based on the accurate information about market. In addition, financial institutions should be funded in order to act as security during crisis. Conclusion Financial crisis is characterized by unstable markets. It can occur in any economy and when it does, numerous effects are felt. Financial crisis can be caused by various activities in the economy. Many economies therefore try at all cost to prevent it. They do so by regulating the interest rates on the loans and increasing the purchasing power of the people. The demand and supply o f goods and services is also controlled. This essay on Theories on Causes of Financial Crisis was written and submitted by user Jaidyn Mooney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Wildlife essays

Wildlife essays Curtis Freeze received his B.S. in fish and wildlife biology from Iowa State University in 1970 and a Ph.D. in ecology from Johns Hopkins University in 1977. He has served as coordinator for the United States Fish and Wildlife Services Latin American and Caribbean Program, Vice President for International Programs at World Wildlife Fund, and Executive Director of Yellowstone Ecosystem Studies. He is currently a Senior Fellow at World Wildlife Fund-US, an adjunct in the Department of Biology at Montana State University, and a consultant in biodiversity and wildlands conservation. Curt lives in Bozeman, Montana. Aesthetic- pleasurable benefits, mental or physical, such as natural beauty, which humans may experience as a result of environmental resources. Biodiversity- The variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Biota- all of the animals and some of the plants involved in a fishery or wildlife system. Biotic- living, as the biotic portion of an ecosystem. Conservation- the wise use and management of natural resources. Conservationist- those who use and manage natural resources. Consumptive use- includes activities that have a direct impact on wildlife numbers. Economics- the study of the allocation of resources. Ecosystem- an interacting system of biotic and abiotic components in a particular area or place. Exploitation- harvest of a resource by humans. Fishery- a system of the biota, the habitat, and the human users. Fishery management- the art and science of manipulating the biota, habitat, or human users of a fishery to produce some desired end result. Fishes- one or more representatives from at least two fish species. Green labeling- enables consumers to express through the market their preference for products that are harvested or produced in a manner that benefits degredation of environment and biodiversity. Harvest- number of game kille...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Decision in Paradise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decision in Paradise - Research Paper Example In this paper, the factors that affect the implementation of decision in the organization and propose the solution to tackle the situation are taken into consideration. Secondly, the resources and actions required to effectively implement the decision based on the proposed solution are evaluated. Finally, an analysis of the ethical implication on the part of stakeholders is made. Factors Affecting Decision Implementation: While implementing a decision in an organization, there may arise various hindrances which may curtail the organization’s effective functioning and, eventually, its growth. The major factors that affect the decision implementation can be identified as government interference, economic factors, ecological factors, human resources etc. Any decision can be effectively implemented if all these factors are considered while taking the decision. Government plays a major role in the development of an organization. The government, with its power to put restrictions on an organization, can be considered as a factor that may affect the implementation of decisions taken in the organization. ... If the company decides to make changes in its cost or other economic matters, it should first take into account the economical condition of the place. If the economic decisions do not meet the economical condition of the place, then the implementation of the decision will be ineffective. Ecological factors also affect the decision as any organization is influenced by the geographical situation of the place where it is located. If the decision taken is adverse to the ecological condition, then it cannot be effectively implemented and may cause loss for the company. In a place like Kava, which is mainly prone to natural disasters, it is important to consider the natural condition as well as the living condition of the people. The human resources may affect the decision implementation because a decision to reduce pay may invite protest from the workers. Availability of cheap labour may attract the company but those labourers will most probably be unskilled. In Kava, cheap labour is avai lable along with the persisting problem of unskilled labour. So the decision taken should be based on the human resources of the place. There are also other minor factors that may affect the effective implementation of the decisions. Prior to making and implementing a decision, a deep evaluation is required and a SWOT analysis may prove fruitful. The first solution is to study and follow the government rules regarding the setting up of organizations. The second solution is to provide minimal aid to the natives so as to make them economically stable. In order to help the people and to tackle the ecological situations, an evacuation centre might be built so that the people of Kava can get shelter in that centre

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Brand Strategy and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brand Strategy and Analysis - Essay Example This helps to establish whether the brand meets the customers’ expectation and hence establish the need to modify or maintain the brand. Moreover, the managers can carry out an analysis on the customers’ data with a view of developing a marketing strategy that will communicate the brand messages to the target customers and help in predicting future market demands for the brand. For instance, the management can derive a strategic plan for the marketing department with an aim of helping them understand the customers’ needs and henceforth design a brand that meets those needs and reaches the customers in an effective way. Additionally, customers’ analysis helps in brand positioning through the analysis and understanding of different customer segments which defines their usage, needs, and experiences (Alameda County SBDC, 2013). Indeed, such an understanding clearly helps in creating brand strategy as the brand design seeks to satisfy each customer segment. Ho w a Competitor Analysis Helps In Creating a Brand Strategy A strong brand strategy is the one which positions the company’s strengths above its competitors’ weaknesses or the one which expose no threat to the competitors (Czepiel and Kerin, 2009). To achieve this, the company’s strategists must have adequate knowledge about competitors' strengths and weaknesses which comes through competitor analysis (Brown, 2010). As such, competitor analysis helps in creating a brand strategy. For instance, the strategists may seek to establish what the competitors does best and what they perform poorly with an aim of designing a brand strategy that will capitalize on the competitors’ weaknesses and dilute the competitors’ strengths with an aim of gaining competitive advantage. Indeed, brand strategy uses competitors’ analysis to establish a profile of opportunities and threats for the company against its competitors. In addition, competitor analysis has a goal of knowing all aspects of the competitor with a view of relating to them and designing a brand strategy that will address the competitors' probable actions and responses (Czepiel and Kerin, 2009). For example, the strategists can analyze the competitors’ mission statement and future policies with a view of using that information to develop a brand strategy that will position the company in a strategic position. Indeed, brand image and brand strengths are components of competitor analysis which significantly define brand strategy. Knowledge about the competitor’s current and possible future position is fundamental in the overall strategy of a company. More so, competitor’s analysis entails the competitors marketing strategy which helps in designing brand strategy. For example, the strategists may seek to know how, where, what, and who their competitors’’ advertisement target. Such information would be necessary for the company in devising a br and strategy for the future. Example of a Customer Analysis This is a customer analysis for a car manufacturing company. The customer analysis will address the market research, customer needs, and current or targeted customers (Jersey Business, n.y). Customer Needs Most car buyers seek for high quality, low maintenance, comfortable, and durable cars.

Monday, January 27, 2020

Effect of Organisational Support on Job Satisfaction

Effect of Organisational Support on Job Satisfaction Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this research is to test the effect of Perceived Organisational Support on Job satisfaction and to determine the effect of mediation of Trust on Job Satisfaction in the two different sectors of employment- Public and Private. Here Sector of Employment acts as a moderator and Job Trust as the mediator. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire was prepared and administered to 182 employees working in the public and the private sector in different industries like Banking, Mining, Power Generation and Information Technology. Findings: The research has established positive relationships between the three constructs of perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and job trust for the overall model and public sector employees, whereas these relations are not significant in case of private sector employees. The mediation effect of Trust is significant at 10% for the overall model sans separately in the private and public sector. Research limitations/implications: The respondents have varied profiles in terms of age/ years of experience, seniority level and the industries that they work in. These results may not be generalizable to all employees in other organisations in different industries and geographic areas. Also, a large percentage of responses have been collected through the internet which is not an entirely accurate and reliable form of data collection. Practical implications: The research findings are expected to help the existing organizations in the public and private sector to figure out reasons for decreasing job satisfaction of the employees and devise ways to improve the perception of organizational support. Originality/value: This paper studies the difference in the relationships exhibited between Perceived organisational support, job trust and job satisfaction in the private and public sector in the Indian context. This is one of the first attempts towards studying the employment sectors on a comparative basis. Keywords: Perceived Organisational Support, Job Trust, Job Satisfaction, Public Sector, Private Sector Introduction: Job Satisfaction is a measure of how content an individual is with his job. Quite a few models have been developed in order to explain causes and effects of job satisfaction, for example, affect theory, dispositional theory, two factor theory and the job characteristics model. For years researchers have been trying to establish relationship among various parameters affecting the job satisfaction, job commitment, job dedication and job performance of the employees in the organizations. This is particularly important for organizations in order to improve working conditions, figure out the motivating factors and thus increase employee productivity by creating a healthy work environment. Job Satisfaction is an indicator of employee perceptions and feelings about their jobs. It can also predict work behaviours like organisational citizenship,absenteeismandturnover.Another important and relevant research finding is the relationship between life satisfaction and job satisfaction which is fo und to be reciprocal. It means that a person who is satisfied with his job may be quite satisfied with his life and vice versa. Job satisfaction is believed to positively affect the productivity of the employee which is vital to business units that are aiming to increase outputs. Perceived organizational support is usually thought to be a dynamic relationship between the employer and his employees. According to Rhoades and Eisenberger(2002) the stakeholders share a reciprocal relationship where higher POS is related with sincere efforts put in by the employee to achieve organizational goals. Research findings suggest that professional employees were more likely to perceive higher organizational support when they strongly identified with their workplace and a positive correlation was observed between job performance and POS (Heckman et al., 2009). Our research aims at analyzing the relationship between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. Trust acts as a mediator in our model. Perceived organizational support is the degree to which employees believe that their organization values their contributions and cares about their well being. Trust is to believe the person who you trust to do what you expect and job satisfaction describes how content a n individual is with his or her job. This research attempts to study and establish relationships between the constructs for the public and private sector employees in India. There are various standard scales available to measure each of these parameters. In this study we have mostly used the shortened version of the scales. Research background and Hypothesis Perceived Organizational Support: The concept of organizational support has generated enough interest in order to study its impact on performance of the employees. The perception an employee develops about his/her organization valuing his contributions and caring about his interests and well being is termed as Perceived Organizational Support (POS)(Eisenberger and Rhoades,2002). A meta-analysis has indicated that three major categories of expectations that an employee has from his work organization are associated with POS. They are evenhandedness of procedures, support of the immediate superior and performance related rewards and favorable job conditions. Taking into account the employers expectations from their employees, they value dedication and loyalty. Emotion centric view of organizational commitment underlines that the sense of unity felt by the employee and the values that he shares with the organization determine the performance and absenteeism levels, probability of quitting his job (Mathieu Zajac, 1990;Me yer Allen, 1997; Mowday, Porter, Steers, 1982). Social Exchange theorists state that employment is a give and take relationship of dedication and loyalty for tangible rewards and social benefits (e.g., Bateman Organ, 1983; Brief Motowidlo, 1986). The antecedents of POS and its outcomes are explained by the organisational support theory which (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, Sowa, 1986). This theory assumes that to determine organisations readiness to reward employee efforts and meet their socio emotional needs, employee forms general beliefs about the concern shown and expected in future by his organisation towards him. POS is also considered an assurance of the assistance that will be available to the employee in times of distress (cf. George, Reed, Ballard, Colin, Fielding, 1993). Actions taken by the agents of the organisation are representative of its intent and are not personal motives. The personification of the organisation is supported by its moral and legal respon sibilities, culture, norms and policies. Employees form perceptions based on the above indicators about the support they get from their work organisation (Levinson, 1965). This theory also states that POS should develop some kind of an obligation in the employee to perform for the organisation and help reach its objectives. The role discernment of employees is assumed to depend on the activities that the organisation sees as necessary for successful job performance (Porter Lawler, 1968). Performance is expected to increase with higher efforts put in by the employee and the perception that such fruitful efforts will be rewarded (Campbell, Dunnette, Lawler, Weick, 1970; Katz, 1964). Job Trust Trust is one of the most important fundamentals on which an employer-employee relationship is based. This relationship goes a long way in instilling confidence and destructing fear by creating a work environment free of worry and suspicion (Zeffane et.al, 2003). Trust has also been suggested to be a psychological state according to which it is measured on the basis of perceived vulnerability or risk due to the uncertainty involved (Kramer, 1999). In our research work we are concerned with the trust within the organization i.e. the extent of trust the employees have in the organization they work for, basically between employees and managers or supervisors. Thus in an organizational context trust is based on the social exchange theory mainly (Whitener et al., 1998), which explains trust to be an outcome of exchange of benefits between the two parties involved. The underlying concept involved here is â€Å"reciprocity†, which establishes the fact that investment in the employees in an organization in terms of recognition, empowerment, justice, support and other favours will always be returned and not go waste (Gouldner, 1960). According the research done by Prusak and Cohen (2001), it is possible for managers to develop an environment of trust in the organization by encouraging mutual trust, and support. This in turn increases the level of perceived faith in the organization by the employees. It has also been argued that this trust (McAllister, 1995) is the key to organizational trust and control. It leads to increased level of employee participation which involves decision making power in the hands of the subordinates which would inevitably lead to increase in mistakes. Thus, by delegating this power to the subordinates the organization increases the risk factor but at the same time, since this delegation needs a bond of trust (Yukl, 1994), gives a clear indication that organization believes in its employees and thus the individual perceives this organizational trust and in turn contributes effectively and positively towards the organization. It is also true that each individual perceives the level of trust differently. So, it is futile to hold common assumptions across all work relationships and thus context based analysis is required. The trust levels also vary on the basis of who is participating in the relationship i.e. at what level of the organization (Graham et al., 2006). Thus, this trust e xisting in an organization determines to a large extent an organizations culture and work dynamics, by influencing factors like organizational structure, job satisfaction and commitment (Zaffane et. al, 2003). Hence, we have taken this as one of the constructs (as a mediator) in our analysis of the relationship between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction was attributed to greatest possible earnings with the least amount of work done (Taylor, 1970). This controversial theory encouraged a number of other studies to prove the significance of other factors in determining job satisfaction. These factors were identified as communication apprehension, perceptions of immediate supervisors and employee esteem (Falcione, 1977). Also, job satisfaction was determined to be influenced by the returns or rewards expected by the individual and the extent to which she was able to achieve them in the job. (Jorgensen, 1973). Employee perceptions were considered more important in determining job satisfaction than physical evidences like pay (Brayfield et al., 1951). The short form version of Brayfield and Rothes scale was developed to measure employee perceptions about their job and organization (Algho et al., 1992). A lot of research has been targeted at job satisfaction and the turnover rates in the organizations or the employees inte ntion to quit. (Spector et al., 1997). In this regard, job satisfaction was proved to be related to job identification. Both of them were determined to be organizational anchors and were used to predict the turnover within organizations (De Moura et al., 2009). A precedent to job satisfaction was identified as job insecurity (Reisel et al., 2010) and an antecedent was found to be role conscientiousness and performance of extra-role tasks (Nathan et al.). Job satisfaction has often been positively linked to training and development opportunities in the organization. A significant positive relationship was observed between employer provided training satisfaction and overall job satisfaction of employees. Satisfaction with training and development significantly affects career decisions and is a valued factor among employees, thus significantly impacting job satisfaction (Schmidt, 2007). Also, job satisfaction was conceptually established as a mediator between perceived organizational s upport and job commitment. Empirically, a positive relationship was established between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction (Chiu et al., 2010). In a recent study on job satisfaction, a total of nine factors grouped under four headings were considered as precedents of job satisfaction. The four headings included organizational change, organizational support, job characteristics and managerial role. It was empirically proved that decentralization, informal communication, support from supervisor, participative organizational culture, autonomy and empowerment of employees and the type of role in the organization significantly influenced the job satisfaction of employees (Lee et al., 2008). The role of supervisory or immediate boss support was determined to be significant. As per the study, supervisors were perceived as the representatives of the organization by employees and are responsible for acting as the interface between organization and employees. Thus, they nat urally build a relationship with employees. Quality of this relationship was the significant determinant of employee perceptions and job satisfaction (Ladebo, 2008). The use of information systems in the organization has been observed to have a positive impact on employee job satisfaction. In the evolving workplaces of present, the ability to work flexibly and efficiently is observed to have a major impact on the technologically advanced employees. Thus, the installation of an efficient Information System, which provided easy access to information was observed to increase the job satisfaction scores significantly (Chen et al, 2008). The relationship between POS and Job Satisfaction POS is related to, yet different form the constructs like job satisfaction. POS is determined to have a strong influence on employee reactions to their jobs on various dimensions, including job satisfaction, job involvement and job commitment (Rhoades, 2002). As per the norms of reciprocity, an employee would react positively to good treatment from the supervisor or immediate boss. As the immediate boss is the direct representative of the organisation, a fair treatment from him would be seen to be organisational support and would encourage employees to go beyond their normal call of duty to reciprocate the good treatment (Rousseau, 1989). POS is defined as the perception which employees have of how much the organization values them, their contributions or cares about them. High POS would meet psychological needs of employees, e.g. approval, esteem and social identity needs. It would also motivate the employees by raising the expectations of rewards on above average or above expected performance (Eisenberger et al., 1986). Percieved organisational support has a positive relationship with psychological well being which is defined in terms of job satisfaction and life satisfaction. This relationship is mediated by effective commitment (Meyer et al., 2002). POS is most often observed to be positively related with organizational commitment (Shore et al., 1991). However, POS is still distinct from organisational commitment because while POS measures the extent to which organisation cares about its employees as per their perceptions, organisational commitment measures the extent to which employees see themselves as being committed to the organisation and thus satisfied (Shore et al., 1993) Without POS, employees may be unhappy with the tasks associated with their jobs and may be dissatisfied. POS is affected by the various aspects of an organizations treatment of its employees (Tansky et al., 2001). Organizational support is measured in terms of customized training op portunities and options of flexible working hours. Career satisfaction acts as a mediating variable for relationship between perceived organizational support and employees intentions to continue in the organization (Armstrong et al., 2009). Training and mentoring before special assignments has been seen to be a strong indicator of organisational support. These initiatives give a sense of security to employees and reassure them and organization will help them meet challenges. Thus, they identify more with the job and do it more efficiently (Cuplan, 2002). Many senior women managers have complained of the managements failure to recognise their talent and lack of support and advancement opportunities within the organisation. Women form only a tiny fraction of males in senior positions (Wellington et al., 2003). Such perceptions often lead to quitting the job, which is a significant indicator of reduced job satisfaction at negative perception of organisation justice (Jawahar et al., 2008). Both POS and JS are observed to be having significant relationship with organisation commitment, which shows the presence of a correlation between these variables. Organisational identification is seen to have a strong positive effect on outcome variables like job satisfaction (Abrams et al., 2001). Organisational support however indicates how well organisation takes care of the OID for their employees. POS theory suggests that if organisation takes good care of employees, they will develop a stronger attachment to the organisation (Rhoades et al., 200 1), hence being more satisfied and committed (Rhoades et al., 2002). Based on the above discussion, hypothesis H1 is proposed: H1. Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has a significant positive influence on Job Satisfaction (JS) The relationship between Job Trust and Job Satisfaction: Theoretically it seems quite obvious that job trust leads to job satisfaction in employees. Measuring the job trust implies probing into how the individual views the organization and also the bond he has with the organization (Perry et al., 2007). Many researchers have reported a positive relationship between job satisfaction and job trust. According to a research analysis aimed at studying the antecedents and outcomes of trust (Derks et.al 2002) found job satisfaction and job commitment as the major consequences. The level of trust existing in an organization determines to a large extent an organizations culture and work dynamics, by influencing factors like organizational structure, job satisfaction and commitment (Zaffane et. al, 2003). Thus, by building a high trust relationship with the subordinates, managers can increase organizational effectiveness through improved levels of job satisfaction. But once this trust is broken, it leads to a never ending cycle of mistrust and conse quently an organizational environment, where employees are distressed, insecure and unsatisfied (Zaffane et. al, 2003). And since job satisfaction and job commitment are strongly related to trust, job commitment being the antecedent of job satisfaction (Mowday et.al 1974), such a situation is really alarming for organizations. The job trust is mostly perceived as the trust between the employees and their managers or the superiors. It has been further proven that if the employees show trust in their superiors then the superiors have greater influence on them (Goris et al. 2003). The reason being the superiors are responsible for many duties which shape the career of their subordinates like performance evaluations, guidance in terms of job responsibilities and training. Thus if the trust on the basis of such parameters in a manager increases then as a result job satisfaction also increases (Dirks et al. 2001). Also, this increased level of trust encourages cooperation, reduction in conflicts and thus improved job satisfaction. Hence the Hypothesis H2: There exists a positive relationship between Job Trust and Job Satisfaction The relationship between POS and Job Trust Many studies have been conducted on measuring the levels of job trust (Dietz and Den Hartog, 2006) and POS in organisations. Trust between two entities is stated as the readiness of one (Trustor) to be susceptible to the actions of the other (Trustee). This readiness of the trustor is basically his expectation that the one he trusts will act in his favour irrespective of exercising control and supervision (Mayer et al., 1995). Job Trust is considered of high importance in todays organisations because it has been empirically established that when trust levels are high, organisation commitment is high (Brockner et al., 1997). As per the definition of trust used above lack of trust means a higher need of monitoring (Handy, 1995) and increased trust levels suggests lower need for supervision (Bradach and Eccles, 1989; Ouchi, 1979). POS as defined above is believed to affect Job Trust though there is not enough empirical evidence available. There is enough research available on the antece dents of POS and its outcomes but none talks about the Job Trust with specific mention. POS is has its theoretical roots in the social exchange relationship (Allen and Brady, 1997), in which the employee is obliged to reciprocate to the organisation like he feels about it (Eisenberger et al., 2001). If employees believe that their organisation or for that matter immediate superior is truly interested in their well being then trust will develop (Doney et al., 1998). Researches indicate that increased perception of organisational support results in increased efforts jointly put in by the employees to achieve the organisations objectives (Eisenberger et al., 1986). Research conducted by Cook and Wall(1980) noted that there is a positive correlation between trust and involvement with the work organisation. Similarly studies reveal a positive relationship between POS, affective attachment and expectations of performance related rewards (Eisenberger et al., 1990). According to a research conducted by Florence et al., (2006), the relationship between procedural justice and tru st is partially mediated by POS. Also trust has been found to mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organisational citizenship behaviour (Konovsky and Pugh, 1994), POS is also a mediator of the link between the above two (Moorman et al., 1998). Thus we can expect a possible linkage between trust and POS. Hence the Hypothesis H3: There exists a positive relationship between POS and Job Trust Employment sectors moderating role on the model In this research we have taken into account the moderating effect of the dichotomous moderator: the employment sector of the respondent i.e. public and private sector. The definition of employment sector in the Indian context refers to the government owned and operated organisations which come under public sector and privately owned entities which are termed the private sector organisations. Employee job satisfaction has been studied extensively on various occasions but a research aiming to bring out differences in the levels of observed POS, Trust and Job Satisfaction and the relationships between them in Public and Private sector have not been studied in depth. Since the work culture of these two sectors are very different and so are the job factors. The work environment in the private sector is more competitive, open and result-oriented while in public sector its conservative, less open to new ideas and generally plunged by stagnation in the long run. So, we aim to analyze the var iables of POS, trust and job satisfaction in these two sectors and try to find the differences in perception due to the way the system works. 0.322* 0.553* 0.253* 0.184/ 0.441* 0.439*/ 0.642* 0.096/ 0.412* In the above figure Number 1/ Number 2: Standard beta coefficient of Public sector/ Standard Beta Coefficient of Private sector Methods Sample In all 183 respondents employed in managerial capacity in public and private sector establishments in India were administered this survey asking their perceptions about the job, organisational support and satisfaction. The questionnaires were electronically mailed to the target group which constituted equal number of respondents from both sectors and a wide arena of industries like banking, information technology, power generation etc. Measures Unless otherwise stated all the following constructs have been measured by Likert scales with responses ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Perceived Organisational Support: Employees perception of organisational support has been measured using an 8 item and a 5 point scale developed by Eisenberger (2001). A sample item is, My organization strongly considers my goals and values. Job trust: Trust that the employee has in his or her organization has been measured using a 7 item and a 5 point scale developed by Tyler (2003). A sample item is In my organization, my views are considered when decisions are made. Job Satisfaction: The contentment that the employee derives from the nature of his job is measured by a 7 item and 7 point scale developed by Brayfield and Rothe (1951). A sample item is . I feel fairly satisfied with my present job. Limitations and Conclusion One of the limitations of this research proposal is the diversity in the years of experience of the respondents. Public sector employees who were administered this survey had a higher average years of experience while the private sector employees were new entrants into employments. The difference in expectations and parameters on which their perceptions are based may have affected the results of the research. Second, the respondents in the public and the private sector work in entirely different industries. For example, the respondents from the public sector undertakings are mainly from the banking and power generation sector whereas private sector respondents belong to information technology, consultancies etc. Direct comparison of public and private sector employees working in the same industry has not been brought out clearly. Third, the method of data collection through the internet is not entirely accurate and reliable. References Allen, M.W. and Brady, R.M. (1997), ‘‘Total quality management, organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, and intraorganizational communication, Management Communication Quarterly, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 316-41. Bateman, T. S., Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee â€Å"citizenship.† Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587-595. Bradach, J.L. and Eccles, R.G. (1989), ‘‘Price, authority, and trust: from ideal types to plural forms, in Richard Scott, W. and Judith Blake (Eds), Annual Review of Sociology, Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 97-118. Brief, A. P., Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11, 710-725. Brockner, J., Siegel, P.A., Daly, J.P. and Martin, C. (1997), ‘‘When trust matters: the moderating effect of outcome favorability, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, pp. 558-83. Campbell, J. P., Dunnette, M. D., Lawler, E. E., Weick, K. E. (1970). Managerial behavior, performance, and effectiveness. New York: Mc- Graw-Hill. Cook, J.D. and Wall, T.D. (1980), ‘‘New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 53, pp. 39-52. Dietz, G. and Den Hartog, D. (2006), ‘‘Measuring trust inside organizations, Personnel Review, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 557-88. Doney, P.M., Cannon, J.P. and Mullen, M.R. (1998), ‘‘Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 601-20 Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P.D. and Rhoades, L. (2001), ‘‘Reciprocation of perceived organizational support, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86 No. 1, pp. 42-51. Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P. and Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990), ‘‘Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 75 No. 1, pp. 51-9. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. and Sowa, D. (1986), ‘‘Perceived organizational support, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71 No. 3, pp. 500-7. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-507. Florence, S., David, C., Liesbeth, M., V. (2006) â€Å"Perceived Support as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Justice and Trust†, Group and Organisation Management George, J. M., Reed, T. F., Ballard, K. A., Colin, J., Fielding, J. (1993). Contact with AIDS patients as a source of work-related distress: Effects of organizational and social support. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 157-171. Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9, 131-146. Konovsky, M.A. and Pugh, S.D. (1994), ‘‘Citizenship behavior and social exchange, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 656-69. Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9, 370-390 Linda Rhoades and Robert Eisenberger, â€Å"Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature†, Journal of Applied Psychology, 2002 Vol. 87, No. 4, 698-714 Mathieu, J. E., Zajac, D. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194. Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H. and Schoorman, F.D. (1995), ‘‘An integrative model of organizational trust, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 709-34. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Moorman, R.H., Blakely, G.L. and Niehoff, B.P. (1998), ‘‘Does perceived organizational support mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organizational citizenship behaviour, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 351-57. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M. (1982). Organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Porter, L. W., Lawler, E. E. (1968). Managerial attitudes and performance. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Yukl, G.P. (1994), â€Å"Leadership in Organizations†, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Dietz, G., Deanne, N. (2006), â€Å"Measuring trust inside organizations†, Personnel Review, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 557-588 Zeffane, R., Connell, J. (2003), â€Å"Trust and HRM in the new millennium†, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 14 No.2, pp.1-9. Kramer, R. M. (1999). â€Å"Trust and distrust in organizations: Emerging perspectives, enduring questions†, American Psychological Review, 50, 569-598. Whitener, E.M., Brodt, S.E., Korsgaard, M.A. and Werner, J.M. (1998) ‘Managers as Initiators of Trust: An Exchange Relationship Framework for Understanding Managerial Trustworthy Behavior, Academy of Management Review, 23(3) July/August: 513-30 Gouldner, A.W. (1960) â€Å"The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement†, American Sociological Review, 25: 161-79 McAllister, D.J. (1995) â€Å"Affect- and Cognition- Based Trust as Foundations for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations†, Academy of Management Journal, 38(1): 24-59 Ronald, W., Lawrence, D. (2007) â€Å"Organizational Trust, Trust in the Chief Executive and Work Satisfaction†, Public Personnel Management, Volume 36 No. 2 Dirks, K.T., Ferrin, D.L. (2002), â€Å"The role of trust in organizational settings†, Organization Science, Vol. 12 No.4, pp.450-67. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L., Du

Sunday, January 19, 2020

My First and Last hike in Poly Canyon Essay -- Personal Narrative Hiki

My First and Last hike in Poly Canyon I knew it was coming. A couple weeks before, I received an introductory email from my instructor explaining the textbook we needed and providing a link to the class website. I selected the link and navigated curiously around the site, arriving at last at the class itinerary. To my horror, I saw planned on the third class day a â€Å"moderately strenuous hike over steep, rough ground.† Subsequent readings of this statement produced the same result, and so I resigned myself to impending doom. And so it was that I found myself standing on a dirt and gravel road, surrounded by equally sleepy classmates at 7:30 am, Monday morning. We all huddled within our baggy jackets, unconsciously mirroring one another in loose jeans, gray or black t-shirts and scuffed, dusty running shoes. In contrast the instructor appeared wide awake and put together, standing before us in a green sweater, pressed khaki slacks and well-worn yet well-maintained hiking boots. He perkily welcomed us to the threshold of Poly Canyon, and with other preliminary descriptions of the upcoming landscape turned and headed down the long, winding service road. Being so close to the pacific coast- a mere ten or twelve miles- a thick marine layer had rolled in during the night, and the waning summer sun had not yet mustered the heat to dispel it. We moved to the crunch and scrape of rubber sole on loose stone, passing ancient monoliths of serpentine stone that jutted from the mountain on either side. Vague silhouettes of live oaks and yucca plants loomed from the morning mist, and occasionally a hoarse crow would cry out. Above and beside us power lines carried electricity to private homes hidden down the road, occasionally... ...e distant than ever surrounded as I was by other life forms. What, I pondered, was my purpose there? Was I predator or prey, virulent or benevolent, useful or worthless? In nature, the strong and necessary survive and prosper, while the weak and redundant are mercifully removed for the good of the system. I solemnly asked myself which I was, and was relieved when like deer the answer retreated from view, filed away in the archives of my mind for future perusal. Giving Poly Canyon a final glance around, I followed their examples and left that ethereal place to meld once more with the world of Man. I did not see my instructor nor my classmates again that day, and was content to be left alone with my meditations. It was an experience I would not trade, though I will admit that I am never setting foot in Poly Canyon again; once is definitely more than enough. My First and Last hike in Poly Canyon Essay -- Personal Narrative Hiki My First and Last hike in Poly Canyon I knew it was coming. A couple weeks before, I received an introductory email from my instructor explaining the textbook we needed and providing a link to the class website. I selected the link and navigated curiously around the site, arriving at last at the class itinerary. To my horror, I saw planned on the third class day a â€Å"moderately strenuous hike over steep, rough ground.† Subsequent readings of this statement produced the same result, and so I resigned myself to impending doom. And so it was that I found myself standing on a dirt and gravel road, surrounded by equally sleepy classmates at 7:30 am, Monday morning. We all huddled within our baggy jackets, unconsciously mirroring one another in loose jeans, gray or black t-shirts and scuffed, dusty running shoes. In contrast the instructor appeared wide awake and put together, standing before us in a green sweater, pressed khaki slacks and well-worn yet well-maintained hiking boots. He perkily welcomed us to the threshold of Poly Canyon, and with other preliminary descriptions of the upcoming landscape turned and headed down the long, winding service road. Being so close to the pacific coast- a mere ten or twelve miles- a thick marine layer had rolled in during the night, and the waning summer sun had not yet mustered the heat to dispel it. We moved to the crunch and scrape of rubber sole on loose stone, passing ancient monoliths of serpentine stone that jutted from the mountain on either side. Vague silhouettes of live oaks and yucca plants loomed from the morning mist, and occasionally a hoarse crow would cry out. Above and beside us power lines carried electricity to private homes hidden down the road, occasionally... ...e distant than ever surrounded as I was by other life forms. What, I pondered, was my purpose there? Was I predator or prey, virulent or benevolent, useful or worthless? In nature, the strong and necessary survive and prosper, while the weak and redundant are mercifully removed for the good of the system. I solemnly asked myself which I was, and was relieved when like deer the answer retreated from view, filed away in the archives of my mind for future perusal. Giving Poly Canyon a final glance around, I followed their examples and left that ethereal place to meld once more with the world of Man. I did not see my instructor nor my classmates again that day, and was content to be left alone with my meditations. It was an experience I would not trade, though I will admit that I am never setting foot in Poly Canyon again; once is definitely more than enough.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Customer Service Essay

Handout In this Session, you have learned about: The principles, policies and procedures of your organisation How your organisation communicates its principles to employees Your organisation’s policies and codes of practice Consultations on changes to principles, policies and procedures Issues of public concern relating to your industry and organisation. Principles, policies and procedures Principles are the foundation of a system of beliefs within an organisation. Principles are the philosophy of the organisation, illustrating how the organisation ‘thinks’. A policy is a definite course of action adopted by an organisation, which guides employees and helps them put principles into practice. Customer service policies are similar in many organisations, but some may be tailored to fit your organisation’s specific principles. A procedure is a series of steps to be followed to correctly answer the telephone, deal with complaints, give refunds etc. Organisations tend to have their own specific procedures. Communicating principles to employees An organisation may communicate its principles to employees in the following ways: The recruitment process Reading material Group discussions Appraisals and feedback Improving team performance Principles may be worked into the recruitment process. Interviewees asked about the organisation’s principles. Organisation handbook and vision statement include principles. This may be the first thing new recruits learn about the organisation. Printing out principles and posting them in the office ensures they feature in every employee’s day. Principles could be printed on commonly used items. Hearing principles read out is more effective for some. Managers and team leaders remind employees of principles. Discussion of whether an employee adheres to principles may be part of a formal review. Company awards are used to publicise principles. Company away-days and team-building exercises are opportunities to remind employees of principles. Team-building tasks could be centred on principles. Policies and codes of practice A code of practice is a set of written rules or standards outlining the responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an employee or organisation. An industry-wide code of practice is often defined by a trade association or professional body. Policies tend to be written by an organisation and based on an industry-wide code of practice. Your organisation might make you aware of its policies or code of practice by: Publishing the code of practice/policies on their website or the intranet Emailing updates to the code of practice and policies to all employees Including the code of practice and policies in the organisation handbook Basing appraisals or feedback systems around policies / code of practice Indicating the trade association/professional body who wrote the code of practice. Consultations on change If you are consulted on changes, your opinion is considered by those making the decision. Ways to consult employees on changes to principles, policies and procedures include: Small group meetings (face-to-face or via a video conference) Questionnaire Discussion with line manager/team leader Intranet bulletins or a FAQ page Email Team bulletins Monthly newsletter Letter A trade union/employee representative or staff council. How you are consulted depends on the size and structure of your organisation, employee work practices and the information being communicated. If your organisation has 50+ employees, you have the right to request an Information and Consultation arrangement. Issues of public concern Issues of public concern relating to your industry or organisation could include: Product recall and customer safety – is your product/service safe and reliable? Confidentiality – do you store customer information securely? Accessibility – is it easy to contact your organisation/use your services? Quality – is product/service equal to competitors? Responsiveness – how quickly will you respond to a customer and resolve problems? Value customers – do you value your customers and treat them appropriately? Finances – are accounts transparent and investments ethical? Wider concerns – public health, economy, environment, exploitation of workers etc. Your organisation may deal with issues of public concern by: Establishing stringent testing and health and safety processes Ensuring varied and easily accessed means of communicating with the organisation Investing in public relations to communicate effectively with the public Establishing clear customer service policies, making them available to the public and ensuring that staff adhere to these policies Publishing the organisation’s accounts Publishing a code of practice relating to the organisation’s economic, ethical, environmental responsibilities etc.